6. 因=依, ＇to conform to＇, i.e., here, to take advantage of. The saying is found in the L?Ch?. VIII. ii. 10.
8. This paragraph is an expansion of the last clause of the preceding, illustrating how the wickedness flows downwards, with its consequences. 上,—＇the highest＇,i.e. the prince. 下, the next ＇below his ministers＇. 朝,—ch＇ao, the 2nd tone, ＇the court＇, and 工, as opposed to it,the various officers, as having their ＇work＇ to do.